Tsab xov xwm no los ntawm Wenzhou Tianyu Electronic Co., Ltd. piav qhia txog yam yuav tsum xav txog thaum teev cov hlau filler rau kev vuam stainless hlau.
Cov peev xwm ua rau cov hlau tsis xeb zoo nkauj heev - lub peev xwm los kho nws cov khoom siv kho tshuab thiab tiv taus xeb thiab oxidation - kuj ua rau muaj kev nyuaj ntawm kev xaiv cov hlau filler tsim nyog rau kev vuam. Rau txhua qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom siv hauv paus, ib qho ntawm ntau hom electrodes yuav tsim nyog, nyob ntawm cov teeb meem nqi, cov xwm txheej kev pabcuam, cov khoom siv kho tshuab xav tau thiab ntau yam teeb meem ntsig txog kev vuam.
Tsab xov xwm no muab cov keeb kwm kev txawj ntse tsim nyog los muab rau tus nyeem ntawv kev txaus siab rau qhov nyuaj ntawm cov ncauj lus thiab tom qab ntawd teb qee cov lus nug feem ntau nug ntawm cov neeg muab khoom hlau filler. Nws tsim cov lus qhia dav dav rau kev xaiv cov hlau stainless hlau filler tsim nyog - thiab tom qab ntawd piav qhia txhua qhov kev zam rau cov lus qhia ntawd! Tsab xov xwm tsis npog cov txheej txheem vuam, vim tias qhov ntawd yog ib lub ncauj lus rau lwm tsab xov xwm.
Plaub qib, ntau yam khoom sib xyaw
Muaj plaub pawg tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau tsis xeb:
austenitic
martensitic
ferritic
Ob chav
Cov npe no yog los ntawm cov qauv crystalline ntawm cov hlau uas feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv chav sov. Thaum cov hlau uas muaj carbon tsawg raug cua sov tshaj 912degC, cov atoms ntawm cov hlau raug hloov pauv los ntawm cov qauv hu ua ferrite ntawm chav sov mus rau cov qauv siv lead ua hu ua austenite. Thaum txias, cov atoms rov qab mus rau lawv cov qauv qub, ferrite. Cov qauv kub siab, austenite, tsis yog hlau nplaum, yas thiab muaj zog qis dua thiab ductility ntau dua li cov qauv kub hauv chav ntawm ferrite.
Thaum ntau tshaj 16% chromium ntxiv rau hauv cov hlau, cov qauv crystalline kub hauv chav tsev, ferrite, tau ruaj khov thiab cov hlau tseem nyob hauv ferritic mob ntawm txhua qhov kub. Yog li ntawd lub npe ferritic stainless hlau yog siv rau lub hauv paus alloy no. Thaum ntau tshaj 17% chromium thiab 7% nickel ntxiv rau hauv cov hlau, cov qauv crystalline kub siab ntawm cov hlau, austenite, tau ruaj khov kom nws nyob twj ywm ntawm txhua qhov kub los ntawm qhov qis tshaj plaws mus rau yuav luag yaj.
Cov hlau tsis xeb Austenitic feem ntau hu ua hom 'chrome-nickel', thiab cov hlau martensitic thiab ferritic feem ntau hu ua hom 'straight chrome'. Qee cov khoom siv alloying siv rau hauv cov hlau tsis xeb thiab cov hlau vuam ua haujlwm zoo li austenite stabilisers thiab lwm yam ua ferrite stabilisers. Cov austenite stabilisers tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog nickel, carbon, manganese thiab nitrogen. Cov ferrite stabilisers yog chromium, silicon, molybdenum thiab niobium. Kev sib npaug ntawm cov khoom siv alloying tswj qhov ntau ntawm ferrite hauv cov hlau vuam.
Cov qib Austenitic yooj yim dua thiab vuam zoo dua li cov uas muaj tsawg dua 5% nickel. Cov pob qij vuam tsim tawm hauv cov hlau tsis xeb austenitic muaj zog, ductile thiab tawv hauv lawv qhov xwm txheej raws li-welded. Lawv feem ntau tsis xav tau kev kho cua sov ua ntej lossis tom qab-welded. Cov qib Austenitic suav txog kwv yees li 80% ntawm cov hlau tsis xeb welded, thiab tsab xov xwm qhia no tsom mus rau lawv.
Rooj 1: Cov hom hlau tsis xeb thiab lawv cov chromium thiab nickel cov ntsiab lus.
pib {c,80%}
hom {Hom |% Chromium |% Nickel | Hom}
tdata{Austenitic|16 - 30%|8 - 40%|200, 300}
tdata{Martensitic|11 - 18%|0 - 5%|403, 410, 416, 420}
tdata{Ferritic|11 - 30%|0 - 4%|405, 409, 430, 422, 446}
tdata{Duplex|18 - 28%|4 - 8%|2205}
nyiam
Yuav ua li cas xaiv cov hlau stainless filler kom raug
Yog tias cov khoom siv hauv paus hauv ob lub phaj zoo ib yam, cov ntsiab cai qhia thawj zaug yog, 'Pib los ntawm kev sib phim cov khoom siv hauv paus.' Qhov ntawd ua haujlwm zoo rau qee kis; txhawm rau koom nrog Hom 310 lossis 316, xaiv Hom filler sib xws.
Yuav kom koom nrog cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv, ua raws li cov lus qhia no: 'xaiv ib qho khoom siv los phim cov khoom siv uas muaj ntau yam sib xyaw.' Yuav kom koom nrog 304 rau 316, xaiv ib qho khoom siv los sib xyaw 316.
Tu siab kawg li, 'txoj cai sib phim' muaj ntau qhov tshwj xeeb uas lub hauv paus zoo dua yog, Saib lub rooj xaiv hlau filler. Piv txwv li, Hom 304 yog cov khoom siv hlau stainless feem ntau, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg muab Hom 304 electrode.
Yuav ua li cas vuam hom 304 stainless hlau yam tsis muaj hom 304 electrode
Txhawm rau vuam Hom 304 stainless, siv Hom 308 filler, vim tias cov khoom sib xyaw ntxiv hauv Hom 308 yuav ua kom thaj chaw vuam ruaj khov zoo dua.
Txawm li cas los xij, 308L kuj yog ib qho khoom siv uas siv tau. Lub npe 'L' tom qab ib hom qhia txog cov ntsiab lus carbon tsawg. Hom 3XXL stainless muaj cov ntsiab lus carbon ntawm 0.03% lossis tsawg dua, thaum tus qauv Hom 3XX stainless tuaj yeem muaj cov ntsiab lus carbon siab tshaj plaws ntawm 0.08%.
Vim tias cov khoom siv hom L poob rau hauv tib pawg li cov khoom tsis yog L, cov neeg tsim khoom tuaj yeem, thiab yuav tsum xav txog, siv cov khoom siv hom L vim tias cov pa roj carbon tsawg dua txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov teeb meem xeb intergranular. Qhov tseeb, cov kws sau ntawv sib cav tias cov khoom siv hom L yuav siv dav dua yog tias cov neeg tsim khoom tsuas yog hloov kho lawv cov txheej txheem.
Cov neeg tsim khoom siv cov txheej txheem GMAW kuj tseem yuav xav txog kev siv hom 3XXSi filler, vim tias kev ntxiv silicon ua rau cov dej ntub dua. Hauv cov xwm txheej uas qhov vuam muaj lub kaus mom siab lossis ntxhib, lossis qhov twg qhov weld puddle tsis khi zoo ntawm cov ntiv taw ntawm fillet lossis lap sib koom ua ke, siv Si Hom GMAW electrode tuaj yeem ua rau lub weld bead du thiab txhawb kev sib koom ua ke zoo dua.
Yog tias carbide precipitation yog qhov txhawj xeeb, xav txog Hom 347 filler, uas muaj me ntsis niobium.
Yuav ua li cas los vuam cov hlau tsis xeb rau cov hlau carbon
Qhov xwm txheej no tshwm sim hauv cov ntawv thov uas ib feem ntawm lub tsev xav tau lub ntsej muag sab nraud uas tiv taus xeb uas txuas nrog cov hlau carbon kom txo tus nqi. Thaum koom nrog cov khoom siv hauv paus uas tsis muaj cov khoom sib xyaw rau cov khoom siv hauv paus nrog cov khoom sib xyaw, siv cov khoom siv sib xyaw ntau dhau kom cov khoom sib xyaw hauv cov hlau sib npaug lossis muaj cov khoom sib xyaw ntau dua li cov hlau tsis xeb.
Rau kev koom ua ke cov hlau carbon rau Hom 304 lossis 316, nrog rau kev koom ua ke cov hlau tsis xeb sib txawv, xav txog Hom 309L electrode rau feem ntau ntawm cov ntawv thov. Yog tias xav tau cov ntsiab lus Cr siab dua, xav txog Hom 312.
Ua ib qho kev ceeb toom, cov hlau tsis xeb austenitic muaj qhov nrawm ntawm kev nthuav dav uas yog li 50 feem pua ntau dua li cov hlau carbon. Thaum koom ua ke, qhov nrawm sib txawv ntawm kev nthuav dav tuaj yeem ua rau tawg vim muaj kev ntxhov siab sab hauv tshwj tsis yog tias siv cov electrode thiab cov txheej txheem vuam kom raug.
Siv cov txheej txheem ntxuav kev npaj vuam kom raug
Ib yam li lwm cov hlau, ua ntej tshem cov roj, roj, cov cim thiab cov av nrog cov tshuaj yaj uas tsis muaj chlorine. Tom qab ntawd, txoj cai tseem ceeb ntawm kev npaj stainless weld yog 'Tsis txhob muaj kuab paug los ntawm cov hlau carbon kom tiv thaiv kev xeb.' Qee lub tuam txhab siv cov tsev sib cais rau lawv 'khw stainless' thiab 'khw carbon' kom tiv thaiv kev sib kis.
Thaum npaj cov npoo rau kev vuam, xaiv cov log sib tsoo thiab cov txhuam stainless ua 'stainless xwb'. Qee cov txheej txheem yuav tsum tau ntxuav ob ntiv tes rov qab ntawm qhov sib koom ua ke. Kev npaj qhov sib koom ua ke kuj tseem ceeb dua, vim tias kev them rov qab rau qhov tsis sib xws nrog kev tswj hwm electrode nyuaj dua li cov hlau carbon.
Siv cov txheej txheem ntxuav tom qab vuam kom raug kom tiv thaiv xeb
Ua ntej, nco ntsoov tias dab tsi ua rau cov hlau tsis xeb: qhov kev sib xyaw ntawm chromium nrog oxygen los tsim ib txheej tiv thaiv ntawm chromium oxide rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv. Cov hlau tsis xeb vim yog cov carbide precipitation (saib hauv qab no) thiab vim tias cov txheej txheem vuam ua rau cov hlau vuam sov mus rau qhov chaw uas ferritic oxide tuaj yeem tsim rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm qhov vuam. Yog tias tso tseg rau hauv qhov xwm txheej zoo li-welded, qhov vuam zoo meej yuav qhia 'cov kab xeb ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau' ntawm ciam teb ntawm thaj chaw kub-cuam tshuam hauv tsawg dua 24 teev.
Yog li ntawd, cov hlau tsis xeb yuav tsum tau ntxuav tom qab vuam los ntawm kev txhuam, pickling, sib tsoo lossis txhuam. Dua li no, siv cov tshuab sib tsoo thiab txhuam uas siv rau txoj haujlwm no.
Vim li cas cov hlau tsis xeb hlau thiaj li muaj hlau nplaum?
Cov hlau stainless austenitic tag nrho tsis yog hlau nplaum. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kub ntawm kev vuam tsim cov noob loj hauv cov qauv me me, uas ua rau qhov vuam tsis yooj yim tawg. Txhawm rau kom txo qhov rhiab heev rau qhov tawg kub, cov tuam txhab tsim hluav taws xob ntxiv cov khoom sib xyaw, suav nrog ferrite. Lub sijhawm ferrite ua rau cov noob austenitic zoo dua, yog li qhov vuam yuav tiv taus kev tawg ntau dua.
Ib lub hlau nplaum yuav tsis lo rau ntawm lub spool ntawm austenitic stainless filler, tab sis tus neeg tuav lub hlau nplaum yuav hnov me ntsis rub vim yog lub ferrite uas tau khaws cia. Hmoov tsis zoo, qhov no ua rau qee tus neeg siv xav tias lawv cov khoom tau raug sau tsis raug lossis lawv siv cov hlau sau tsis raug (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias lawv rhuav daim ntawv lo ntawm lub tawb hlau).
Qhov ntau npaum li cas ntawm ferrite hauv ib lub electrode nyob ntawm qhov kub ntawm kev siv. Piv txwv li, ferrite ntau dhau ua rau lub weld poob nws qhov toughness ntawm qhov kub qis. Yog li, Hom 308 filler rau LNG piping daim ntawv thov muaj tus lej ferrite ntawm 3 thiab 6, piv rau tus lej ferrite ntawm 8 rau tus qauv Hom 308 filler. Hauv ntej, cov hlau filler yuav zoo sib xws thaum xub thawj, tab sis qhov sib txawv me me hauv kev sib xyaw yog qhov tseem ceeb.
Puas muaj ib txoj hauv kev yooj yim los vuam cov hlau tsis xeb duplex?
Feem ntau, cov hlau duplex stainless hlau muaj cov qauv me me uas muaj kwv yees li 50% ferrite thiab 50% austenite. Hauv cov lus yooj yim, ferrite muab lub zog siab thiab qee qhov kev tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab corrosion cracking thaum austenite muab kev tawv zoo. Ob theem ua ke muab cov hlau duplex lawv cov khoom zoo nkauj. Muaj ntau hom hlau duplex stainless hlau, nrog rau feem ntau yog Hom 2205; qhov no muaj 22% chromium, 5% nickel, 3% molybdenum thiab 0.15% nitrogen.
Thaum vuam cov hlau tsis xeb duplex, teeb meem tuaj yeem tshwm sim yog tias cov hlau vuam muaj ferrite ntau dhau (qhov kub ntawm lub arc ua rau cov atoms teeb tsa lawv tus kheej hauv ferrite matrix). Txhawm rau them rov qab, cov hlau filler yuav tsum txhawb nqa cov qauv austenitic nrog cov ntsiab lus alloy ntau dua, feem ntau 2 txog 4% ntau nickel dua li hauv cov hlau puag. Piv txwv li, hlau flux-cored rau vuam Hom 2205 yuav muaj 8.85% nickel.
Cov ntsiab lus ferrite uas xav tau tuaj yeem nyob ntawm 25 txog 55% tom qab vuam (tab sis tuaj yeem siab dua). Nco ntsoov tias qhov txias yuav tsum qeeb txaus kom austenite rov qab zoo li qub, tab sis tsis txhob qeeb heev kom tsim cov theem intermetallic, thiab tsis txhob ceev dhau kom tsim cov ferrite ntau dhau hauv thaj chaw uas raug cua sov. Ua raws li cov txheej txheem uas cov chaw tsim khoom pom zoo rau cov txheej txheem vuam thiab cov hlau filler xaiv.
Kev kho cov kev txwv thaum vuam cov hlau tsis xeb
Rau cov neeg tsim khoom uas pheej kho cov kev teeb tsa (voltage, amperage, arc length, inductance, pulse width, thiab lwm yam) thaum vuam cov hlau tsis xeb, qhov ua rau muaj teeb meem yog cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov hlau tsis sib xws. Vim yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke, kev hloov pauv ntawm ntau yam hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm vuam, xws li kev ntub dej tsis zoo lossis kev tso tawm slag nyuaj. Kev hloov pauv ntawm txoj kab uas hla electrode, kev huv ntawm qhov chaw, cast thiab helix kuj cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm hauv GMAW thiab FCAW daim ntawv thov.
Kev tswj cov carbide precipitation hauv austenitic stainless hlau
Thaum kub txog li 426-871°C, cov pa roj carbon uas muaj ntau tshaj 0.02% yuav mus rau cov ciam teb ntawm cov qauv austenitic, qhov chaw uas nws cuam tshuam nrog chromium los tsim cov chromium carbide. Yog tias cov chromium khi nrog cov pa roj carbon, nws yuav tsis muaj zog tiv taus xeb. Thaum raug rau qhov chaw ib puag ncig uas muaj xeb, kev xeb intergranular yuav tshwm sim, ua rau cov ciam teb ntawm cov noob raug noj mus.
Yuav kom tswj tau cov carbide precipitation, khaws cov pa roj carbon kom tsawg li tsawg tau (0.04% siab tshaj plaws) los ntawm kev vuam nrog cov electrodes uas muaj cov pa roj carbon tsawg. Cov pa roj carbon kuj tseem tuaj yeem khi los ntawm niobium (yav tas los hu ua columbium) thiab titanium, uas muaj kev sib raug zoo rau carbon ntau dua li chromium. Hom 347 electrodes yog ua rau lub hom phiaj no.
Yuav npaj li cas rau kev sib tham txog kev xaiv cov hlau filler
Yam tsawg kawg nkaus, sau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev siv qhov kawg ntawm qhov welded, suav nrog qhov chaw ua haujlwm (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov kub thiab txias ua haujlwm, kev raug rau cov khoom corrosive thiab qib ntawm kev tiv thaiv corrosion) thiab lub neej ua haujlwm xav tau. Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov khoom siv kho tshuab xav tau ntawm cov xwm txheej ua haujlwm pab tau zoo heev, suav nrog lub zog, kev tawv, kev ywj pheej thiab kev qaug zog.
Feem ntau ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom siv hluav taws xob ua ntej muab cov phau ntawv qhia rau kev xaiv cov hlau filler, thiab cov kws sau ntawv tsis tuaj yeem hais ntau dhau txog qhov no: sab laj nrog phau ntawv qhia kev siv hlau filler lossis tiv tauj cov kws tshaj lij ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom. Lawv nyob ntawd los pab xaiv cov hlau stainless hlau electrode kom raug.
Yog xav paub ntxiv txog TYUE cov hlau tsis xeb thiab tiv tauj cov kws tshaj lij ntawm lub tuam txhab kom tau txais cov lus qhia, mus saib www.tyuelec.com.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Kaum Ob Hlis-23-2022